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A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (up to 1700)

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First published 1986 (DOST Vol. VI).
This entry has not been updated since then but may contain minor corrections and revisions.

Quha, Quhay, interrog. and rel. pron. Also: qwha, qha, qua, qwa, wha, vha, hua; qhaa; quhaw; quhai qwhay, whay, quay; quhae, whae; quhe, quhey, qwhey. [North. ME qua (Cursor M.), wha (Rolle), mid. and south. hwo (c 1200) etc. (see Quho), early ME wha (Orm), hwa (c 1230), wa (12th c.), OE hwá nom. personal interrog. pron. sing. or pl. cf. Quho.] Who.The personal subjective interrog. or relative pronoun: Who.For the corresp. objective pron. see Quham.

1. interrog. pron. Who? Which person or persons?a. In direct, b. In indirect, questions; also quha that.Also quhais = quha is. For examples of the expression Quha is aw or aucht, see Aw v. 1 b.a. (1) 1375 Barb. vi 88* (C).
‘Schir,’ said thai, ‘quha sall vith ȝow be?’ a1400 Leg. S. ii 109.
And quha has gert thé luf? c1420 Wynt. viii 2106.
Wyth that the schyrrawe … ‘Quha is that?’ than speryd fast c1450-2 Howlat 72 (A).
Bot quha sall mak me ane mendis of hir worth a myte? a1500 Seven S. 1815.
Quha sall kep ws fra the suprys Or warn ws of our enemys? Ib. 2378.
That is my ryng, quha gaf it ȝow? 1513 Doug. ii iii 12.
Quha [Sm. Quhay] Ib. x 63.
Son, quha [Sm. quhai] sa gret … cruelte … has rasyt in thé? c1520-c1535 Nisbet Matth. iii 7. a1568 Bell. Bann. MS 367a/21.
Quhay a1540 Freiris Berw. 280 (M). 1560 Rolland Seven S. 2251.
Quha geuis ȝow this counsell? a1568 Bann. MS 147a/24.
Q. quhay to quhome?(2) c1590 Fowler I 234/4.
Sen love and death hes vext my weryed lyfe, Quha off thir two more troubled hes my state?(3) c1475 Wall. i 216.
Quha dewill thé grathis in so gay a gyde? Ib. v 743.(4) 1535 Stewart 68.
Madame, I said, quha wes it drew that storie? 1560 Rolland Seven S. 9748.
The porter said ‘Quhais that that knoks sa bald?’b. (1) 1375 Barb. v 126.
A quhile in Karryk leyndyt he, To se quha freynde or fa wald be a1400 Leg. S. vii 508.
Thai … cuttis caste quha suld begyne c1400 Troy-bk. ii 1323 (D).
Quha [v.r. who] c1420 Wynt. iv 1781. 1425–6 Aberd. B. Rec. (S.H.S.) cxxxv n. 3.
And than the balye sperit qwha suld say thair concordans qwhilkis ansuerit Walter of Cocburne 1456 Hay I 279/31.
The prince suld … se … quha had rycht quha wrang a1500 Gol. & Gaw. 64.
Makand mencioune quha maist of manhede couth mele c1475 Wall. vii 806.
Than Wallace said; ‘Quha gangis best lat se’ 1490 Irland Mir. II 140/11.
He wist quha suld be saif, quha condampnit c1500 Interl. Droich 2.
Se ȝe not quha is cum now 1513 Doug. ix iv 22.
The danger was by cuttys sone decyde, At euery corner quha, or quha, suld byde 1518 Dunferm. B. Rec. 297.
Concernyng the clengen of the burne quha suld cleng the burne 15.. Clar. iii 324.
The constabill utart everie thing at richt, Wha wan the feild, and quha was put to flicht a1568 Scott ii 188.
Befoir his curpall wes a crak, Culd na man tell quha maid it 1567 G. Ball. 50.
My saull … stand up and se Quha lyis in ane cribbe of tre 1580 Hume Promine 40.
Se quha can do better 1596 Edinb. Surgeons 23.
That gif the said Johne can gett wit quha hes stollin the said money 1602 Dundonald Par. Rec. 14.
The said Bessie askit at the said Kaithrein quha larned hir to do so a1628 Carmichael Prov. No. 1642.
Wark beares witnes quha weill dois(b) c1460 Consail Vys Man 310.
Suppos thai wyst it wytterly Quhai suld that gold aw werraly a1500 Seven S. 1082.
And as he wist nocht quha was thare He spak and sperit quhay it ware, Scho said ‘I, Janot … ' 1531 Bell. Boece II 514.
Ye understand weill quhay bene presently abusaris, and quha best luffaris of your commoun weil Ib. I cv. Id. Livy I 130/29.
That this Brutus devisit … quhay suld be callit faderis and quha conscriptj 1583 Wemyss Corr. 81.
Thay begane to gather kempis to see quhay mycht heid moneast(c) 1596 Coll. Aberd. & B. 386.
[The earl] demandit of the sheiphird wha dwalt therin whome of he held the said house or wha aught that land(2) 1547–8 Corr. M. Lorraine 217.
The viij of Febrewar. Ye wait quha(3) ?1438 Alex. ii 6843.
[One] mycht haue knawin at leif-taking … Quha that war lufit and luffaris war c1420 Wynt. ii 891.
That yhe mycht knawe Quha that war orygynale Ib. vi 1969. a1500 Seven S. 668, 669.
Than he bad hir Quha that was [the] carnale fader Of hir seike son and quha him gat

c. In rhetorical questions requiring or suggesting an emphatic contrary assertion or expecting the answer ‘no-one’.The formula Quha (does or is something, etc.) bot (A.) serves as a device to add prominence to the real ‘topic’ of the sentence (viz. ‘A.’), by shifting this from the ‘theme’ to the ‘focus’ position. (See also Quha-other.)(1) 1375 Barb. vi 158 (E).
Quha wyst euer men sa foully fall As ws, gyff that we thusgat leve? c1420 Wynt. v 1091, 1092.
Men oysyd … In till comowne prowerbe say, Quha happyare than Octovyane Or quha evyre bettyre than Trajane c1460 Wisd. Sol. (S.T.S.) 384.
Quhay may knaw be his wordis quhethir he was vys or nocht? a1500 Henr. Fab. (O.U.P.) 134, 136.
Quha may be hardie [etc.] … , Quha can gouerne ane realme [etc.] … Without science? No man, I ȝow assure Ib. 501 (Bann.).
Quha sall oure lemmane be? Quha sall ws leid? 1501 Doug. Pal. Hon. 183.
Ha, quha suld haue affyance in thy blis? … Certes, nane a1508 Kennedy Flyt. 505.
Ane benefice quha wald gyve sic ane beste, Bot gif it war to gyngill Judas bellis? 1513 Doug. ii vii 1, 2.
Quha [Sm. Quhay] sal the harmys of that woful nycht Expreme? Or quha [Sm. quhai] … to tell hes mycht Sa feil ded corsis … ? Ib. iv vi 32.
Bot sone the queyn persavyt al the slycht: Quhay may begile a luffer … ? Ib. vi xiv 93 (Sm.).
Qua 1531 Bell. Boece I 31.
Quha sall think us worthy to have kindnes, gif we [etc.] a1568 Bann. MS 134a/27.
Quha saw evir the maikis of ȝow? 1567 Sat. P. iii 149.
Quha dow abstene fra litigatioun, … Except he hait our Scottis natioun? a1598 Ferg. Prov. No. 502.
If God be with us, wha will be against us? a1605 Montg. Sonn. lvii 1.
Vha a1628 Carmichael Prov. No. 265.
Baw waw quo Batie quha will bark quhen I am died?(2) 1531 Bell. Boece I 32.
Quhay is he that will nocht besely contend for that honour?(3) 15.. Bk. Dean Lismore 89.
Maykyne sais tyll his man quhay is fow now? Be the Cors … ȝe ar ded drwnkyne and I am bwt fow(4) a1500 K. Hart 425.
Quha is at eis quhen bayth ar now in blis Bot fresche king Hart that cleirlie is aboue? c1500 Crying of Play 25.
Quha is cummyn heir bot I, … At ȝour cors to mak a cry 1501 Doug. Pal. Hon. 1025.
Quha is in welth? Quha is weill fortunait? … Bot thow that is replenischit of plesance? Id. Æn. viii Prol. 109, 111.
Quha ar wyrkaris of this weir, quha walkynaris of wa, Bot incompetabill clergy … ? Quha revis, … bot tha?

2. As compound relative in indefinite or generalised sense: Any person who, whatever person that, whoever.

a. With pron. correlative in following clause. Also with that introducing the correlative clause.(1) 1375 Barb. iii 703.
Bot nocht for thi quha had thar bene, A gret stertling he mycht haiff seyne Off schippys ?1438 Alex. i 1351.
Quha ȝarnis ane knicht of great bounte, Sall he find nane better than he c1420 Wynt. i 172.
Quha doys noucht … Hys det to God … Bot makis hys excusatyone … Howe may he luk tyll other end Than Kayin dyde? 1456 Hay I 69/1.
Bot quha mycht, be maistry or force of armes, be lord and maister, he tuke jurisdictioun till him of his awin autoritee c1475 Wall. vi 588.
Quha best did than, he had the heast stait a1561 Q. Kennedy Breif Tract. (ed.) 114/31.
Quha … drinkis the cowpe of the Lord onvorthely he is gilty of [etc.] 1567 Sat. P. v 38.
Quha babishlie bourdis with his dame, It war weill wairit he gat his quhippis c1568 Lauder Minor P. v 7.(2) 1375 Barb. vi 173.
A! … quha had then bene by … I wate weile that thai suld him call The best that levyt ?1438 Alex. i 1312.
Quha met with him, I tak on hand Thay haue of him sic ane menȝeing [that, etc.] c1420 Wynt. iv 1175.
Off thame quha will the certane hawe, … Thai rede the Brwte a1500 Henr. Fab. (O.U.P.) 2492.
Quha sayis ane scheip is daft thay lieit of it a1500 Rauf C. 913.
Quha waitis the Cristin with cair, my cusingis ar thay c1475 Wall. i 283.
Quha serwit hir [sc. St. Margaret] full gret frendschipe thai fand With Sothroun folk 1535 Stewart 1242.
Quha lichleis ȝow, we think tha do ws lak 1567 G. Ball. 190.
Quha the suith dois infer, preistis say thay erre(3) c1420 Ratis R. 1498.
Quha wyl ta gud kep to thar end, … Thow sal fynd suth in Sanct Dawy(4) 1686 G. Stuart Joco-Ser. Disc. 47.
Wha howks a hole for ony other His sel faw in(5) a1400 Leg. S. ii 945.
Quha for his gilt tholit blame, Paule for hyme brynt for schame a1500 Seven S. 2612.
Quha will the suth of it declare My douchter I sall gif him fre 1546 Lynd. Trag. Card. 140. 1556 Lauder Off. Kings 405. 1596 Dalr. I 122/2.
Quha defloures a virgine, lat him be heidet, excepte quha is deflouret require the author of the iniure to be her housband Ib. 123/3.
Quha strykes him in judgement, qua plies thair with him, lat him that strykes be called giltie & the strukne absoluet(6) c1420 Wynt. vi 1483.
Or qwha his cursyng wald noucht drede, Agayne thame swa he wald procede Ib. viii 2133.
Qwhay c1460 Alex. (Taym.) (ed.) 1839.
Quha in thair force hes pride Oftyme it hapnis thame the war betyde c1475 Wall. ix 1764.
Quha was at erd Wallace gert lat thaim be 1513 Doug. i Prol. 366.
Quha trewys nocht me Lat thame interprit ‘animal’ and ‘homo’ 1535 Stewart 39514.
Quha previs it so sadlie garris thame sleip 1540 Lynd. Sat. Proclam. 199. 1567 G. Ball. 56.
Quha will thair hart to Christ conuert, Na man can do thame skaith nor schame(7) ?1438 Alex. ii 7945.
Quha winnis the honour, the laif is his 1596 Dalr. I 282/5.
Quha did vthirwise, thair lipis with ane hett yrne sulde be burnte(8) 1398 Acts I 211/2.
Qwha fyndis hym agrevit … with thift [etc.] … that thai … gif thair complayntis in to writ to the lieutenande [etc.] c1450 Cr. Deyng (S.T.S.) 166.
Quha takis hyme sorow … in the levyng of thir cardenall delytis, that he is nocht sykyre in the faith a1500 Seven S. 1011.
That quha out of ane hous war fundin That thai suld … be … bundin

b. With noun phrase correlative in the following clause. — c1475 Wall. vii 330.
Quha bidis her, ilk gentill man sall be knycht

c. With ellipsis of the correlative or with imperative verb in the following correlative clause.Also introducing a participial clause.(1) 1375 Barb. ii 391.
He dang on, and sa hardely, That quha had sene him in that fycht Suld hald him for a douchty knycht Ib. ix 280.
The remanand war fleand ay, Quha had gud hors, gat best away a1400 Leg. S. xxviii 1.
Qwa wil the vertu wyt of stanis, In the lapidar ma fynd [etc.] 1436–7 (c 1580) Edinb. B. Rec. I 5.
Quha beis … inobedient to the fulfilling of this ordnance salbe compellit [etc.] 1456 Hay I 127/9.
Quha lettis nocht the injure of his nychboure is lyke to him that dois it c1460 Consail Vys Man 326.
Quhai vndirstandis nocht sper may syne Ib. 1.
Qwhay 1504 (c 1580) Edinb. B. Rec. I 99.
Qua beis convict heirvpoun to be depriuit of thair burgesry for evir 1531 Bell. Boece (M) II 103.
Quhay revis thame revis ws Ib. 404.
Amang nobillis quhay castin thame repone Man dres thair lyfe … To [etc.] 1567 G. Ball. 166.
Quha hiest clymmis gettis greitest fall 1612 Aberd. Council Lett. I 115.
Anent penalties … quha his tein mair nor ten … to be under the danger of the law 16.. Crail Squaremen 22.
& qha shall happin to transgress this act sall pay xl s. 1686 G. Stuart Joco-Ser. Disc. 23.
Wha kenns a pipe will sur'ly grant sir, Maist of the skill lies in the chanter(2) c1475 Wall. vi 781.
Quha wald rebell … He punyst sar(3) 1375 Barb. xvi 607.
Quha luffis his lord or his cuntre, Turne smertly now agayne with me c1475 Wall. i 33. a1500 Seven S. 1627.
Quha strykis me trow weile that I Sall me revenge richt hastely 1513 Doug. i Prol. 478.
Quha can do bettir, sa furth in Goddis name Ib. ix Prol. 82.
Quhar I mysknaw myne errour, quha it fyndis For cheryte amendis it(4) 1501 Doug. Pal. Hon. 1853.
With facis not vnlike for quha thame seing Micht weill considder that thay all sisters being

d. With the relative clause placed after an imperative verb in the correlative clause. 1513 Doug. i Prol. 336.
Reid quha hym knawys, I dar this vndertak [etc.] Ib. v vii 2.
‘Now cummys heir,’ said Ene, ‘quha lyst preif To streke thar armys furth [etc.] 1570 Sat. P. xiii 147.
Now luke Gods buik quha listis c1590 Fowler II 56/22.
Read quha will Eusebius 7. buik, they sall deprehend thee to haue falslie lyit

e. With the relative clause as object of the verb of the main clause. 1513 Doug. v ix 2.
Onon Eneas induce gan to the play, With arowys forto schute quha wald assay

f. As quha: Like one who; as if one.Freq. followed by suld or wald, but also by simple indicative verb.As quha wald say, as if one should say, as much as to say. a1400 Leg. S. xviii 426.
Thu sal fle sone avay, allace, As quha dois befor the face Of ane edir that [etc.] Ib. xxiii 450.
Til erde thai lad the hedis done As quha to slepe suld mak hym bon ?1438 Alex. ii 4430.
For outrage He was as quha war in ane rage c1475 Wall. viii 1422.
Syn plesand wordis off you and ladyis fayr As quha suld dryff the byrdis till a swar 1513 Doug. ii vii 33.
As quha [Sm. quhai] onwar tred on a rowch serpent … and [etc.] … , On the sammyn wys Androgeus … fled Ib. vi vii 60. Ib. xii ii 37 (Ruddim.).
As quhay byspark wald the quhite evoure Indane 1531 Bell. Boece I 32.
To behald ane young prince regnand above ony realme is siclike as quhay wald se the commoun weill sweyand down 1611 Reg. Panmure I xcix.
The pendicle … callit Carnekorthie, as quha wald say the Hungrie hillock

g. With following that, at. Also, once, quha that ever he be that (cf. Quha-ever etc.).(1) c1420 Wynt. i 642.
In Ynde are landys fourty and fowre Quha that sekys it all atoure 14.. Burgh Laws c. 51 (B).
Qwha that brewys al … sal gyf [etc.] 1464–5 Acts XII 30/2.
And quha that faillies in the bringin [etc.] … he sall pay to the king [etc.] 1465 Newburgh B. Ct. 13a.
The hyll suld be brokyne quha that lykit c1475 Wall. vi 321.
He gart commaund, quha that his peis wald tak, A fre remyt he suld ger to thaim mak 1494 Loutfut MS 7a.
And thus suld be the … ordour of herauldis be governyt quha that will wse the office lelely 1501 Doug. Pal. Hon. 86.
Quha that constranit ar in luifis rage … Weill auchtis thé till gloir c1500-c1512 Dunb. (O.U.P.) lxviii 33. 1513 Doug. ix ii 42.
‘Go to ȝyng gallandis, quha that list' quod he ‘Thar ennemys assailȝe first with me' a1570-86 Maitl. F. xlv 46.
Quha that vsis to thig is layth to leif the craft a1578 Pitsc. I 194/20.
And quha that will gif thame maist thay will be thairis [etc.] — 1484 (c 1580) Edinb. B. Rec. I 50.
And quha at bydes ower the ceissing of the bell of ix sall pay vj d.(b) a1400 Leg. S. xxiv 227.
Quhay that saw it, & pyte had nane, His [hart] was hardare thane the stane c1420 Ratis R. 683.
I trow quhai that the suthe will say, Sal nocht fynd caus to bles thaim ay c1490 Porteous Noblenes 179/10 (Asl.).
Qwhay that will assay nobilnes … he suld seike [etc.] 1530–1 Selkirk B. Ct. (ed.) 111.
Quhay that distrois … our common alleris in broucht and uthouch and quha that can be tayntit in the toun viii s. to the bailyeis, and quha that distrois it vithout to be arrestit to the justis air — 1533 Dunferm. Reg. Ct. 102.
Quhai at fallis heyr intill my saidis lordis will dispone vpone the landis [etc.](c) 1525 Aberd. B. Rec. I xli.
And quhe that cumis … and will nocht sing … salbe report as absent(2) 1450 Peebles B. Rec. I 15.
And quha that euir he be that is chapellane sal ches [etc.]

3. Rarely, compound relative pron. in definite use: The person or persons who; he (him) or they (them) that.Also with the relative clause as object of a prep. 1434 Aberd. B. Rec. I 390.
Ilk baxtar sal haf on his lofe his awn takyne that it may be kennyt by quha aw the lofe c1500-c1512 Dunb. (O.U.P.) xxxiii 18.
Quhai for hir saek … Preiffis maest mychttelye in the feld Sall … withe hir go in grippis 1596 Dalr. II 90 marg.
Quha pape was in thir days, allowit al at the kings requeist

4. As the subj. of a dependent clause with conditional, also with conditional-concessive, force: If anyone, should anyone, when anyone; even if anyone, notwithstanding that anyone.Quha will, quha nill, willy-nilly: see Nill v. 2 (1).(1) 1375 Barb. i 391.
Bot quha in battaill mycht him se, All othir contenance had he Ib. 445.
Lordingis, quha likis for till her, The romanys now begynnys her ?1438 Alex. ii 1336.
Quha drawes thame nere, of thairis sall haue Memoryall, quha lykes to craue 1113-1567 Liber Calchou II 450.
Qwa felys ony preking of blude or flecrying it is taknyng toward the seknes c1450-2 Howlat 356 (A).
Ane egill … All of sable … quha the suth leris 1456 Hay I 134/3.
That quha wald tak the lyf fra clerk … , thai may be law defend thame be armes and nocht be irregularis a1500 Henr. Fab. (O.U.P.) 14.
Sa springis thair ane morall sweit sentence Oute of the subtell dyte of poetry To gude purpois quha culd it weill apply Id. Test. Cress. 230.
Thus variant scho was, quha list tak keip, With ane eye lauch, and with the vther weip c1475 Wall. i 282.
Quha sperd, scho said to Sanct Margret thai socht 1531 Edinb. B. Rec. II 53.
And quhay doys in the contrar, that officiaris … pas with the saidis dekyn and maisterys, and mak thame oppyne durris 1535 Stewart 20778.
That men efter micht haif rememberance Of this Fergus and his nobill deid, Quha hapnis efter of sic thing to reid 15.. Lanark B. Rec. 20.
And quha sellis derrar it salbe lefull to the byar to [refuse] payment a1568 Bann. MS 72b/29.
Quha wald tak rest vpoun the nicht The supper sowld be schort & licht 1599 Stirling Kirk S. in Misc. Maitl. C. I 132.
That thair be na mariage maid in this kirk, (quha hes penny brydellis,) quhill thair be first consignit x li. and certificatione gevin(2) c1475 Wall. xi 90.
Thi lyff thow sall forlorn, Or ellis that land, the contrar quha had suorn 1630 Edinb. Surgeons 99.
And in presence of the deakin and masters [he] said that quha wald quha wald not he sould haue that libertie restranit

5. By inversion of the order: compound relative followed by correlative (as in 2 a, also b), passing into: simple relative introducing a restrictive relative clause (cf. Quhilk adj. and pron. 7).On the uncertainty of allocating particular quotations between this sense, 6 and 7, cf. Quhilk adj. and pron. 10.

a. With subjective pers. pron. antecedent. 1375 Barb. viii 70 (C).
That thai so dredand war at thai, Quha [E. That] first mycht fle, first fled avay a1500 Henr. Orph. 548 (Bann.).
Schawand to ws quhat perrell … That thai incur quhay will … confyd Into this warldis vane prosperitie c1500-c1512 Dunb. (O.U.P.) xxxii 33.
Keip ȝou fra harlottis … , Thai sall repent quhai with tham ȝockis 1513 Doug. i Prol. 206.
Lyke as ȝhe may reid In the Recolles of Troy quha lest tak hed c1575 Balfour Pract. 341 marg.
He quha is judge in the principal cause, is also judge in the accessore 1581 Burne Disput. 37.
As … I leue be the Father, euin sua he quha eitis Me sal leue be Me also 1596 Dalr. I 117/4.
The thrid sorte of the commoune people ar thay quha numberit ar in the laichest digrie c1616 Hume Orthog. 1.
That they quhae might perhapes agree met rather be custom then knawlege

b. With the compound rel. replaced by its analysis into: subjective pers. pron. + restrictive rel. pron., with imper. or subjunctive verb in the principal clause. 1513 Doug. i Prol. 318.
He or scho Quha takis me nocht go quhar thai haue ado 1562-3 Winȝet II 31/20.
And be his writtingis lat him cry, he quha is the choisin weschell, he quha is maister of the gentilis, [etc.] … that [etc.] 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. i 15.
That na man sall buy anie thing except he quha selles the samine finde to the buyer ane lawfull borgh

c. With other antecedents.(1) c1475 Wall. vi 440.
Till ony, schyr, quha likis for to by a1500 Prestis of Peblis 236 (Asl.).
With ony wald he be baith wod & wraith Quha at him sperit how sald he the claith 1562-3 Winȝet I 65/7.
To be at ane … with all thais quha [MS quho] professis syncerlie the trew doctrine 1572 Inverness Rec. I 220.
Vtheris quha war buytht haldaris and na burgessis hes contempnit thair buytht halding 1581 Hamilton Cath. Tr. in 1573-1600 Cath. Tr. (S.T.S.) 83/2.
Euerie man quha can reid the Ingles bible 1584 Melvill 174.
To … mak his eares patent to sic wha could alienat his mynd from the guid cause 1587 Aberd. Council Lett. I 32.
By utheris dyvers qua is not returnit fra the mercat as yit 1588 Glenartney Doc.
We haif commandit oure cousing … and vtheris quha best knawis 1611 Reg. Panmure I xcii.
Ewery man can best declaire the particulers heirof [sc. marches] quha hes the landis in labowringe 1616 Cramond Ch. Aberdour 16.
Except a few wha war either sick or out of the country 1645 Aberd. B. Rec. IV 59.
That euerie inhabitant wha wer able in thair owne persones sould watch 1650 Ib. 112.
Nane … but those quha has stayit sewin yeiris vithin this burghe 1680 Hossack Kirkwall 98.
That ther is ane great abuse done in the tolbuith by these quha are imprisoned ther(2) 1542 Acts II 411/2.
Item all the lordis sperituale and temporale quha geve thaire aithis of befor to be lele and trew [etc.] … thay of new ratifeis … the samin 1558–9 Edinb. Old Acc. I 287.
To vj men quha laid the fale at the loche 1559 St. A. Kirk S. 11.
Quhai a1561 Q. Kennedy Breif Tract. (ed.) 118/15, 17.
Thir vordis war spokin be our saluiour to ane certane of his discipulis quhilkis var vaik … and quha lenit to the jugement of the flesche [etc.] … , as mony dois in thir dais … ; quha belewit that our saluiour wald [etc.] 1565 Inchaffray Chart. 161.
All and sindrie oure liegis quha is addettit … to mak payment of ony mailes [etc.] 1572 Buch. Detect. (1727) 161.
To do ȝour diligence to bring the rest quha was the beginneris of this wark to justice 1579 Perth Kirk S. MS 9 Nov.
That it was reportit to hym … be narratioun of syndry Scottis men quha knew the sayd Wat 1589 Antiq. Aberd. & B. III 190 in Fife Sheriff Ct. 393.
In vptaking … of all personis vmaist claith quha puttis thame selfis to death c1616 Hume Orthog. 10.
I wald commend to our men quhae confoundes these the imitation of the south 1656 Glasgow B. Rec. II 337.
The haill tanners qwha hes thair bark holis on the burne(3) 1559 Corr. M. Lorraine 431.
We salbe in danger of thaim quhay ar nocht obedient to your grace 1562-3 Winȝet I 43/4.
Sa institute Moyses the Bischope Eleazarus … before the haill multitude, as before thaim quhay sulde testifie alvvayis of his haly lyfe Ib. II 31/11.
And to accurse thame quha precheit ony thing by it quhilk wes anis resauit wes neuir vnlesum c1590 Fowler I 138/6.
The beautyes that rebound From her quha is of dames maist chaist and fair Ib. II 9/14.
For this hes bene ane daylie practise … be thame obseruit, quha with grit trauel … hes profited in letters 1597 Skene Verb. S. s.v. Assisa.
King David maid an assise … of him quha was accused … for the death of his wife Id. Reg. Maj. ii 156.
Ane friend of him quha hes fund the lawborrowis 1611 Reg. Panmure I xcv.
Dilton … so callid be vs quha ar ignorant of the auld Irishe tongue 1644–5 Butler Leighton 196.
By our law in Scotland we clepe him an incendiary whay … raiseth differences in the State to the public damage(4) 1562-3 Winȝet I 12/15.
Praying that wikit persoun quhatsumeuir quhay wald defyle thy conscience and faime thairwith haistelie to returne to oppin repentance 1582 Misc. Stair Soc. I 104.
The chairtour is writtin … be the same hand quha wryttis the two last rasit lynis in the last nyntene yeir tak c1590 Fowler I 241/37.
Gud death, draw neir … To slay the man quha is resolud to die Ib. II 53/39.
An woman … quha prayit vnto S. Steuin 1595 Conv. Burghs I 468.
Na freman quha sall happin to girnell any kynd of wittuall 1602 Dundonald Par. Rec. 21.
Everie maister to correct his avin hird quha kendillit bonfyris this yeir 1615 Elgin Rec. II 141.
[Four women] dancit … with ane lad quha playit wpone ane swasche

d. With an indefinite noun phrase which is the ‘notional subject’ of an existential sentence as antecedent. 1562-3 Winȝet I 50/8.
Certane is it that neuir wes ane quha attemptit to charge thair subiectis with the burdin of an uther religioun Ib. II 31/15, 16.
Quhilkis thingis sen sua ar, is thair ony man of sa grete fuilhardines quha suld preche by it quhilk is precheit in the kirk, or of sa grete lychtnes quha suld [etc.] 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. i 157.
Gif there be any quha hes intrused himselfe violentlie in other mens lands, and occupies the samine vnjustlie

e. Introducing what is in effect a clause of result. 1596 Dalr. I 106/32.
With his gude spirit sum he inflamet quha sulde gyue ouer the warlde

6. Introducing a ‘descriptive’ relative clause (cf. Quhilk adj. and pron. 8). a. With pron. antecedent.(1) c1460 Alex. (Taym.) (ed.) 2041.
And quhan the princis saw the gret larges … Of him quha gaue hale realmis to his lordis (a1568 Henr.) Bann. MS 47a/55.
Remembir him that deit on tre, For thy saik taistit the bitter gall, Quha [M. quhilk] heis law hairtis and lawis he 1562-3 Winȝet I 9/9.
Quhy clenge ȝe not ȝour hart … fra ydolatrie quha be toung condamnis ydolatrie sa mekle? 1637 Blairs P. 117.
I quha hes yit three cheildrein to entertein daylie(2) 1572 Buch. Detect. (1727) 19.
And likely adversaries to hir practise, quha intendit to set up ane tyrannical regiment 1598 Melvill Propine 26.
I take my hearte againe wha before was heartles

b. With noun phrase antecedent.(1) 1516 Acts XII 36/2.
Of our kingis gracis person ȝoure brothir and nepheu quha is … in gude hele 1535 Stewart II 668 heading.
How Edward … send for Edward his bruther sone, quha was in Hungary 1538–9 Renfrew Arch. Coll. I 183.
To summond the said lord and his spous, quha had the principale charteris 15.. Christis Kirk 92 (B).
Ane haisty hensure callit Hary, Quha [M. quhilk] wes ane archer heynd 1556 Lauder Off. Kings 115.
That kyng that sitts all kyngis abone, Quha heiris and seis all that is wrocht 1562-3 Winȝet I 61/21.
Aganis the erroneous … pleidaris quha with thair continuall … mockrie of all godlines ithanlie labouris to subuert the sillie semple anis 1570 Leslie 85.
Quhilk wes done onely to staye Robert Bartane [etc.] … quha wes bound in weirfair to the sey 1569-73 Bann. Memor. 13.
The gude and vertuous lady (quha wald beleive na sic thing) brocht the copie Ib. 212.
Wha a1578 Pitsc. II 28/1.
King Harie the aught quha was ringand King of Ingland for the tyme [wha gaue him in mariage] Lady Margarit quho was King James the fyftis sister 1581 Hamilton Cath. Tr. in 1573-1600 Cath. Tr. (S.T.S.) 80/17.
Iames Beton … qua … hes … sufferit voluntar baneisment 1581 in Melvill 125.
Thow Frencheist, Italianist, jolie gentleman, wha has defyled the bed of sa manie maried and now bosts [etc.] a1605 Montg. Ch. & Slae 16 (W).
I sawe the hurchone and the haire, Quha [L. quhilk] fed amang the flowers faire 1588 Maxwell Mem. II 162.
Forsamekle as thair is ane puir man of my name, callit Johnne Hammilton, qhaa is kyndlie to ane pice of ȝour lordshippis landis in Mernis 1592 Acts III 556/2.
Quhilk is mair nor notour be the doingis of the present takisman of the mynes quha nether wirkis presentlie nor [etc.] 1597 Aberd. Council Lett. I 74.
Nor any of the deputtis or servands quha as his wyff declarit war absent furth of the burgh in landwart 1597 Misc. Spald. C. I 157.
The Devill thy maister, quhome thow seruis, and quha techis thé all this vytchcraft and sorcerie, apperit to thé 1600 Hamilton Facile Tr. in Cath. Tr. (S.T.S.) 226/20.
What folie is it that wemen, wha can not sew, cairde, nor spin without thay lerne the same of vther skilful wemen, suld vsurpe to … interpret the Bible? 1608 Kinghorn Kirk S. 14.
The quhilk day delaittit be John Stainhows William Stokis [etc.] … quha war playing at the goulf upo the sabbothe day quha being reprouit be the said John, Dauid Fermour did ans^r [etc.] 1609 Skene Reg. Maj. ii 14.
Except in Galloway, quha hes their awne speciall and proper lawes 1626 Justiciary Cases I 53.
The … vyle syn of incest being sa detestable in the sicht of … God quha be his expres word hes altogidder condampned the same 1644 Black Cal. Witchcraft 931/1.
The remanent of the witchis quha had not to bestow on thairselvis 1683 Haddington Mem. II 195.
His grandfather … wha was for my faither in all kesses(b) 1542 Reg. Cupar A. II 20.
Watte Hardy, … quhay wes takkisman of the said tuay acris of land 1542 Boyd Fam. P. 30 June.
In defalt of prosecutioune of the richtiuis air quhay decessit [etc.] 1548 Corr. M. Lorraine 242.
Your spous quhay has rewardit me gif he had levit 1559 St. A. Kirk S. 11.
I sall never consent nor aggree that that lecherous swyne the Byschop of Rome, quhai hais rutet up the Lordis vyneyard(c) 1576 Exch. R. XX 372.
Jhone Dromond off Drumnerynoch, quhe is schon and air to his fader Jhone Dromond, quhe hes beyne at me and desyris [etc.](2) 1566 Lanark B. Rec. 33.
The baillie … cognossit William Lowryis hand writ in jugment, quhay was noter to the said instrument 1597 Misc. Spald. C. I 129.
Thow cumand to George Mitchellis hous … quha haid ane lamb keddie

7. Introducing a ‘resumptive’ relative clause (cf. Quhilk adj. and pron. 9).

a. With pron. antecedent. 1549 Soc. Ant. XI 95.
I haif authorite on him quha hes cumin sindrye tymis furth of the gyrth [etc.] 1596–7 Misc. Spald. C. I 92.
Scho culd newir be lowsit of hir bandis, quhill scho send for thé, and causit thé cum to hir, quha askit thé forgiwnes 1643 Misc. Abbotsf. C. I 175.
Ȝe spak quyetlie to hir in hir ear … quha ansuerit ȝow

b. With noun phrase antecedent.(1) 14.. Acts I 37/2.
Thar sal ane wachman be haldyn to cum furth … quha sal be of eylde [etc.] 1519 Rec. Earld. Orkney 92.
Alexander Frissell … being requyirit be wse … gif thay clamet ony richt [etc.] … , quha all in ane voyce befoir ws said [etc.] 1535 Stewart II 427 heading.
The rest of the Pechtis … desyrit help of Osbret, King of Ingland, … quha come with ane greit armie [etc.] 1564–5 Reg. Privy S. V i 563/1.
The said Hew hes satisfeit … the kin and freindis of the said umquhile Williame … quha hes gevin to him ane lettir of slanis thairupoun 1563-1570 Buch. Wr. 13.
The examinatouris salbe graduat, ane in theologie [etc.] … and ane regent in humanite, quha on thair conscience sal declair … quha ar worthy of promotion or nocht 1570 Stirlings of Keir 420.
Qua a1578 Pitsc. I 197/17, 19.
Amang the rest thay brocht the Scoittis bischope againe and his hieland man with him quha was inquyrit eftir his gaine cuming gif he knew ony thing of the kingis crowne or quha had teine it away, quha purgit him selff [etc.] 1581 Hamilton Cath. Tr. in 1573-1600 Cath. Tr. (S.T.S.) 79/1.
Knox … conspyrit to … place another in your hienes royall seat, quha nather be Goddis nor mannis lau could iustlie impyre in ony citie or cuntrie 1582 Misc. New Spald. C. I 78.
This four names that eftir followis maid fre the said day quha occupeis with merchandreis 1587–8 Prot. Bk. J. Inglis 8 Feb.
To deliuer hym the said euidentis as he quha suld haif the same be reissone that he wes his faderis eldest sone & lauchfull air quha suld possess his faderis heretaige 1600 Crim. Trials II 198.
Saw Andro Blair … creave the halbert fra Robert Talȝeour, quha refusit 1617 Ib. III 422.
The said Mr. Alexander Coluiles grandame … , quha is ane 1626 Duffus Gravestone.
Heir lyis ane honorabil man Williame Sutherland … quha departit this lyfe [21 Oct., 1626] a1650 Row xxxi.
I being verie infirme, God sent my sone, Mr. Robert Row, to teache for me, quha taught bothe befor and afternoon(b) 1600-1610 Melvill 261.
Ther presentes us a verie reverend man … wha … began his harang in the Spanise toung 1646 Aberd. B. Rec. IV 70.
And thairfoir the said counsall declairit to the said Mr. Johne that they admeirit of his cariage in this point wha insted of stryving to mak peace … sould [etc.](c) 1568 Mary in Ellis Orig. Lett. 1 Ser. II (1824) 253/4.
Schu wald a bin weilcom to a pur strenger, hua nocht bien aquentet vth her wil nocht bi ouuer bald to vreit bot for the aquentans betuix ous(d) 1640 Aberd. B. Rec. III 252.
Patrick Leslie, … compeirand … , whae, being commissioner … maid ane ample declaratioun of suche matteris(e) 1536 Dunferm. Reg. Ct. 136.
For the stopin of the quhilk [sentence] comperit … Jhone Orrok procurator for said Janot … quhai for stopin of the said pronunciatione and sentence … causit be red [etc.] 1540 Acts II 377/1.
Quhay 1548 Corr. M. Lorraine 243.
The Erle Argaill had and has the charg to answer for this arttalȝery, … quhai I wayt wilbe glad and tha wair his awn to sped tham to your grace 1555 Balmerino and L. Chart. 67.
Quhay c 1560 Stirlings of Keir 415.
All thir brethir hes a race comit of thaime … quay ar guidly men 1560 St. A. Kirk S. 57.
[They] put hir in ane cart and caried hir throwch the toun of Aberdour, quhai nochtwithstanding hir careing sche thocht na schame therof(f) 1558-66 Knox II 357.
That the response whiche his wyffis wyttches had gevin mycht be fulfilled whay all affirmed … that [etc.](g) 1577 Kirkcudbr. B. Rec. I 35.
Johne Sloan is admittit freman and made burges … quhey is sworne to be lele and trew [etc.](2) 1515 Douglas Corr. 72.
As knawis God, quha haf ȝour lordschip in hys blysyt kepyng 1543 Corr. M. Lorraine 20.
Helpand God quha mot conserve your grace eternally 1570 Black Bk. Taymouth 430. 1588 Aberd. Council Lett. I 46.(b) 1543 Corr. M. Lorraine 10.
As knawis God quhaw preserve your graice eternallie

c. Introducing a participial clause of condition. 1513 Doug. viii viii 33.
Maist souerane ledar … , Quha beand on lyfe nevir grant I sall Troy is distroyt c1590 Fowler II 80/30.
So it goeth in principalities quha forseing a far off (quhilk thing onlye falleth in a wise prence) the euils and inconveniences that daylye may aryse with dexteritie may amend … theme

8. Irregularly, or erroneously, in oblique cases. a. As compound rel. = Quham. b. As simple rel. = Quham, Quhais.a. a1400 Leg. S. xxx 445.
Quha thu seis first apere, Thi wif is, wit thu but were! 1542 Dumfr. & Galloway Soc. XVI 189.
The said Newlandis protestit that he mycht be free to mary quhai he plesitb. a1605 Montg. Misc. P. xliii 11.
Then welcome hame, my lord; … Quhais vertues wan the word That formest flies with Fame; Quha - of all cuntreyis crakis 1586 Linlithgow B. Ct. 16 June.
& allegis that scho is neptis to the said vmquhill Johnne Thomson to quha the persewar desiris to be seruit as air 1594 Paisley B. Rec. 155.
The burges fynes of sic persouns that beis creattit burgessis quha fatheris nor predecessors wer not burgessis … be xx merks 1622-6 Bisset I 18/12.
Richt excellent … monarche … Quha God mote prosper

9. Preceded by the, after the quhilk, Quhilk adj. and pron. 9. 1600-1610 Melvill 48.
Also with Mr. Thomas Bowchanan, then scholmaister, the wha accompanied us … to Glasgw